From: Chemical assessment of mycotoxin contaminants and veterinary residues in Costa Rican animal feed
Animal feed | Phase | Antibiotic | Concentration (mg kg−1) | |
Medicated Animal feed [Number of prevalent samples, n] | ||||
 Poultry feed [2] | Startc,d | Tetracycline | 7.39 | |
Florfenicol | 80.07 | |||
Narasin | 227.68 | |||
Growthc | Tetracycline | 26.93 | ||
Florfenicol | 287.51 | |||
Doxycycline | 68.54 | |||
Narasin | 44.03 | |||
 Pig feed [1] | Finalc | Tetracycline | 5.45 | |
Narasin | 2.04 | |||
Non-medicated Animal feed [Number of prevalent samples, n] | ||||
 Poultry feed [22] | Start [3] | Tetracycline | 30.61 | |
Monensina | 23,.0 | |||
Narasina | 36,517.25 | |||
Growth [3] | Monensin | 163.25–13.84 | ||
Final [4] | Tetracycline | 13.65 | ||
Monensin [3] | 37.05–0.45 | |||
Layer [12] | Monensin | 191.69–7.34 | ||
 Pig feed [19] | Start [3] | Monensin | 20.51–25.69 | |
Growth [11] | Tetracycline | 6.21 | ||
Demeclocycline | 354.46 | |||
Narasin | 142.55 | |||
Monensin [8] | 49.03–5.17 | |||
Final [5] | Tetracycline [2] | 12.21–10.76 | ||
Monensin [3] | 27.91–22.99 | |||
 Fish and shrimp feed [5] | Not indicated | 4-epioxitetracycline | 159.94 | |
Monensin [4] | 741.45–13.36 | |||
 Dairy cattle feed [2] | Not indicated | Monensin | 3258.86–57.04 | |
 Horse feed [1] | Not indicated | Doxycycline | 101.86 | |
 Raw material [1] | Corn meal | Monensin | 27.25 | |
Summary | ||||
Average ± SD | Median | Max | Min | Prevalence, % [Samples below limit of detection, counts (n)] |
Concentration, mg kg−1 | ||||
 4-epianhydrotetracycline | ||||
  (1.21 ± 1.97)× 101 | 1.21× 101 | 1.23× 101 | 1.19× 101 | 2.22 [88] |
 Doxycycline | ||||
  1.66 × 102 ± 6.38× 101 | 1.66 × 102 | 2.29 × 102 | 1.02 × 102 | 2.22 [88] |
 Florfenicol | ||||
  (1.09 ± 1.17) × 103 | 4.52 × 102 | 3.12 × 103 | 3.53 × 102 | 4.44 [86] |
 Narasin | ||||
  (2.73 ± 8.26) × 103 | 5.89×101 | 3.65 × 104 | 9.00 × 10−1 | 24.44 [68] |
 Monensin | ||||
  (1.57 ± 4.99) × 102 | 2.33×101 | 3.26 × 103 | 2.57 × 10−1 | 58.89 [37] |
Target analytes with one eventb | ||||
Antibiotic | Concentration ± Ux/x, mg kg−1 | |||
 Cloramphenicol | 7.12 ± 2.04 | |||
 Erythromycin | 11.22 ± 3.22 | |||
 Virginiamycin | 33.00 ± 9.46 | |||
 Sulfamethazine | 143.98 ± 41.28 | |||
 4-epioxytetracycline | 159.94 ± 45.86 | |||
 Minocycline | 193.82 ± 55.57 | |||
 Chlortetracycline | 252.29 ± 72.33 | |||
 Demeclocycline | 354.46 ± 101.63 |